WeatherMETARTAFWeatherFlight Planning

How to Read METAR and TAF Reports Like a Pro

Amelia Earhart(Weather Specialist, CFI)January 4, 202610 min read

Understanding aviation weather reports is essential for safe flight planning. This guide will help you decode METAR and TAF reports quickly and confidently.

What is a METAR?

METAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Report) is an observation of current weather conditions at an airport. METARs are typically issued hourly, with special reports (SPECI) issued when conditions change significantly.

METAR Example

KJFK 081756Z 31015G25KT 10SM FEW040 SCT100 BKN250 M02/M15 A3042 RMK AO2

Breaking It Down

  • KJFK - Airport identifier (JFK International)
  • 081756Z - Day 08, time 1756 Zulu (UTC)
  • 31015G25KT - Wind from 310° at 15 knots, gusting to 25
  • 10SM - Visibility 10 statute miles
  • FEW040 SCT100 BKN250 - Few clouds at 4,000', scattered at 10,000', broken at 25,000'
  • M02/M15 - Temperature -2°C, dewpoint -15°C
  • A3042 - Altimeter setting 30.42 inches Hg

Cloud Coverage Codes

CodeMeaningCoverage
SKC/CLRClear0/8
FEWFew1-2/8
SCTScattered3-4/8
BKNBroken5-7/8
OVCOvercast8/8

What is a TAF?

TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) is a forecast of expected weather conditions. TAFs cover a 24-30 hour period and are issued 4 times daily.

TAF Example

TAF KJFK 081730Z 0818/0924 32012KT P6SM SCT040 BKN100
FM082200 33015G22KT P6SM BKN050
TEMPO 0902/0906 4SM -RA BR

TAF Change Indicators

  • FM (From) - Rapid change expected at specified time
  • TEMPO - Temporary fluctuations (less than half the period)
  • BECMG - Gradual change expected
  • PROB - Probability of conditions (PROB30, PROB40)

VFR Weather Minimums

Class G Airspace (Day):

  • 1 statute mile visibility
  • Clear of clouds

Class E, D, C, B Airspace:

  • 3 statute miles visibility
  • 500' below, 1000' above, 2000' horizontal from clouds

Making Go/No-Go Decisions

Use weather reports to evaluate:

Is visibility above your personal minimums?
Are ceilings high enough for your planned altitude?
Are winds within your crosswind limits?
Is the trend improving or deteriorating?
Do you have alternates if conditions change?
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Discussion

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Be respectful and constructive. Questions are welcome!

Alex JohnsonJanuary 5, 2026

Finally understand what all those abbreviations mean! The table breaking down cloud coverage codes is super helpful. Bookmarked this for quick reference.

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